Anthropologists who study orangutans, distant cousins of the
human race, find in the animals behavior hints of how our earliest ancestors
may have lived. It has long been accepted that primates originally dwelt in the
treetops and only migrated to the ground as forests began to dwindle. While to
a certain extent, all primates except humans spend at least some time dwelling
in trees, the orangutans, can grow as heavy as 330 pounds and live for decades,
requiring copious amounts of fruits simply to stay alive. Thus, they become
very jealous of the territory where they find their food. Compounding his
territoriality are the breeding habits of orangulants, since females can only
breed every few years and, like humans, give birth not to litters but single
off-spring.
Consequently, orangutans are solitary, territorial animals
who have difficulty foraging in an part of the forest where they were not raised.
Orangutans take from poachers by costums agents undergo incredible hardship on
their return to the wild. Incorrectly relocating a male orangutan is especially
problematic, often ending in the animal’s death at the hands of a rival who
sees not only his territory but also the females of his loosely knit community
under threat from an outsider. While humans, like chimpanzees, are more
gregarious and resourceful then orangutans, the latter provide anthropologists
with useful information about the behavior of prehominid primates and how
apelike behavior influenced out ancestors search for the food and family
beneath the forest canopy.
Which of the following are factors that the author indicates contribute to the orangutan's territoriality?
