The history of literature really began was the earliest of the arts. Man danced for joy round his primitive camp fire after the defeat and slaughter of his enemy. He yelled and shouted as he danced and gradually the yells and shouts became coherent and caught the measure of the coherent and caught the measure of the dance and thus the first war song was sung. As the idea of God developed prayers were framed. The songs and prayers became traditional and were repeated from one generation to another each generation something of its own.As man slowly grew more civilized he was compelled to invent some method of writing by three urgent necessities. There were certain things that it was dangerous to forget and which therefore had to be recorded it was necessary to protect one's property by making tools cattle and so on in some distinctive manner so man taught himself to write and having learned to write purely for utilitarian reasons he used this new method for preserving his war songs and his prayers of course among these ancient peoples there were only a very few individuals who learned to write and only a few could read what was written.a.Before man invented writing
Recent advance in science and technology have made it possible for geneticists to find out abnormalities in the unborn foetus and take remedial action to rectify some defects which would otherwise prove to be fatal to the child Though genetic engineering is still at its infancy scientists can now predict with greater accuracy a genetic disorder it is not yet an exact science since they are not in a position to predict when exactly a genetic disorder will set in While they have not yet been able to change the genetic order of the germs they are optimistic and are holding out that in the near future they might be successful in achieving this feat They have however acquired the ability in manipulating tissue cells. However genetic mis-information can sometimes be damaging for it may adversely affect people psychologically Genetic information can therefore be abused and its application in deciding the sex of the foetus and its subsequent abortion is now hotly debated on ethical lines but on this issue geneticists cannot be squarely blamed though this charge has often been leveled at them it is mainly a societal problem At present genetic engineering is a costly process of detecting disorder but scientists hope to reduce the costs when technology becomes more advanced.This is why much progress in this area has been possible in scientifically advanced and rich countries like the U.S.A, U.K and Japan.It remains to be seen if in the future this science will lead to the development of a race of supermen or will be able to obliterate disease from this world.m. Which of the following is the same in meaning as the word squarely as used in the passage?
Educational planning should aim at meeting the educational needs of the entire population of all age groups while the traditional structure of education as a three hierarchy from the primary stage to the university represents the core we should not overlook the periphery which is equally important under modern conditions workers need to rewind or renew their enthusiasm or strike out in a new direction or improve their skills as much as any university professor the retired and the aged have their needs as well Educational planning in their words should take care of the needs of everyone.Our structures of education have been built up on the assumption that there is a terminal point to education This basic defect has become all the more harmful today A UNESCO report entitled Learning to Be prepared by Edgar Faure and others in 1973 asserts that the education of children must prepare the future adult for various form of self-learning A viable education system of the future should consist of modules with different kinds of functions serving a diversity of constituents And performance not the period of study should be the basis for credentials The writing is already on the wall.In view of the fact that the significance of a commitment of lifelong learning and lifetime education is being discussed only in recent years even in educationally advanced countries the possibility of the idea becoming an integral part of educational thinking seems to be a far cry for to move in that direction means such more than some simple rearrangement of the present organization of education but a good beginning can be made by developing Open University programs for older learners of different categories and introducing extension services in the conventional colleges and schools Also these institutions should learn to cooperate with the numerous community organizations such as libraries museums municipal recreational programs health services etc.f. According to the author what measures should Open University adopt to meet modern conditions
Recent advance in science and technology have made it possible for geneticists to find out abnormalities in the unborn foetus and take remedial action to rectify some defects which would otherwise prove to be fatal to the child Though genetic engineering is still at its infancy scientists can now predict with greater accuracy a genetic disorder it is not yet an exact science since they are not in a position to predict when exactly a genetic disorder will set in While they have not yet been able to change the genetic order of the germs they are optimistic and are holding out that in the near future they might be successful in achieving this feat They have however acquired the ability in manipulating tissue cells. However genetic mis-information can sometimes be damaging for it may adversely affect people psychologically Genetic information can therefore be abused and its application in deciding the sex of the foetus and its subsequent abortion is now hotly debated on ethical lines but on this issue geneticists cannot be squarely blamed though this charge has often been leveled at them it is mainly a societal problem At present genetic engineering is a costly process of detecting disorder but scientists hope to reduce the costs when technology becomes more advanced.This is why much progress in this area has been possible in scientifically advanced and rich countries like the U.S.A, U.K and Japan.It remains to be seen if in the future this science will lead to the development of a race of supermen or will be able to obliterate disease from this world.a. Which of the following is the same in meaning as the phrase holding out as used in the passage?
