CSS English Chapter 4 Online Entry Test

Q-5.Rocks which have solidified directly from molten materials are called igneous rocks.Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics.Igneous rocks compose the greater part of the earth's crust,but they are generally covered at the surface by a relatively thin layer of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks.Igneous rocks are distinguished by the following characteristics:(1) they contain no fossils:(2) they have no regular arrangement of layers;and (3) they are nearly always made up of crystals.

Sedimentary rocks are composed largely of minute fragments derived from the disintegration of existing rocks and in some instances from the remains of animal As sediments are transported.Individual fragments are assorted according to size.Distinct layers of such sediments as gravels,sand,and clay build up as they are deposited by water and occasionally wind.These sediments vary in size with the material and the power of the eroding agent.Sedimentary materials are laid down in layers called strata.

When sediments harden into sedimentary rocks,the names applied to them change to indicate the change in physical state.Thus,small stones and gravel cemented together are known as conglomerates;cemented sand becomes sandstone;and hardened clay becomes shale.In addition to these,Other sedimentary rocks such as limestone frequently result from the deposition of dissolved material.The ingredient parts are normally precipitated by organic substance such as shells of clams or hard skeletons of other marine life.

Both igneous and sedimentary rocks may be changed by pressure,heat,solution,or cementing action.When individual grains from existing rocks tend to deform and interlock they are called metamorphic rocks.For example granite,an igneous rock,may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a schist.Limestone,a sedimentary rock,when subjected to heat and pressure may become marble,a metamorphic rock.Shale under pressure becomes slate.

vii.The author's tone in the passage can best be described as

ii.The passage states all the following about fungi EXCEPT?

iv.The author is primarily concerned with?

vi.The author organises the passage by?

Q-6.Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life.The great ocean basins hold about 300 million cubic miles of water.From this vast amount,about 80,000 cubic miles of water are sucked into the atmosphere each year by evaporation and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean.More than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents.This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and streams,springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent.Thus the hydrosphere permits organic existence.

The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid.One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9 per cent,whereas most liquids contract on cooling.for this reason,ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom.If the ice sank,the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season,Thus,all aquatic life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm cold currents,which moderates climate,would be notably absent.

Another outstanding characteristic of water is that water has a heat capacity which is the highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia.This characteristic enables the oceans to absorb and store vast quantities of heat,thereby often preventing climatic extremes in addition water dissolve more substances than any other liquid.It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the continents.In several areas of the world these minerals are being commercially exploited.Solar evaporation of salt is widely practised,potash is extracted from the Dead Sea,and magnesium is produced from sea water along the American Gulf Coast.

Iv.According to the passage the hydrosphere is NOT

Q-5.Rocks which have solidified directly from molten materials are called igneous rocks.Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics.Igneous rocks compose the greater part of the earth's crust,but they are generally covered at the surface by a relatively thin layer of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks.Igneous rocks are distinguished by the following characteristics:(1) they contain no fossils:(2) they have no regular arrangement of layers;and (3) they are nearly always made up of crystals.

Sedimentary rocks are composed largely of minute fragments derived from the disintegration of existing rocks and in some instances from the remains of animal As sediments are transported.Individual fragments are assorted according to size.Distinct layers of such sediments as gravels,sand,and clay build up as they are deposited by water and occasionally wind.These sediments vary in size with the material and the power of the eroding agent.Sedimentary materials are laid down in layers called strata.

When sediments harden into sedimentary rocks,the names applied to them change to indicate the change in physical state.Thus,small stones and gravel cemented together are known as conglomerates;cemented sand becomes sandstone;and hardened clay becomes shale.In addition to these,Other sedimentary rocks such as limestone frequently result from the deposition of dissolved material.The ingredient parts are normally precipitated by organic substance such as shells of clams or hard skeletons of other marine life.

Both igneous and sedimentary rocks may be changed by pressure,heat,solution,or cementing action.When individual grains from existing rocks tend to deform and interlock they are called metamorphic rocks.For example granite,an igneous rock,may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a schist.Limestone,a sedimentary rock,when subjected to heat and pressure may become marble,a metamorphic rock.Shale under pressure becomes slate.

iii.The passage would be most likely to appear in a.

Q-2.The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time.Development was retarded,however,until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleocene.This led in Eocene time to increase in average size,larger mental capacity,and special adaptations for different modes of life.In the Oligocene Epoch,there was further improvement,with appearance of some new lines and extinction of others.Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of several groups and continued approach toward modern characters.The peak of the career of mamals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.

The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that of the reptiles in Mesozoic time,and except for greater intelligence,the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms.The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur,but the dolphin horse and the antelope must excel any of the dinosaurs.The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal,but the lion or tiger is probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain.The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually fitted themselves for all sorts of life,grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse,deer,bison).living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus,beaver),dwelling in trees (sloth,monkey) digging underground (mole,rodent),feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and on the plain (wolf),swimming in the sea (dolphin,whale,seal) and flying in the air (bat).Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.

This adaptation produces gradual changes of from and structure.It is biologically characteristic of the youthful,plastic stage of a group.Early in its career,an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change,which,as the unit becomes old and fixed disappears.The generalised types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required,and it is from them that new,fecund stocks take origin - certianly not from any specialised end-products.So,in the mammals we witness the birth plastic spread in many directions,increasing specialisation,and in some branches,the extinction which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.

iii. It can inferred from the passage that the pterosaur

Q-5.Rocks which have solidified directly from molten materials are called igneous rocks.Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics.Igneous rocks compose the greater part of the earth's crust,but they are generally covered at the surface by a relatively thin layer of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks.Igneous rocks are distinguished by the following characteristics:(1) they contain no fossils:(2) they have no regular arrangement of layers;and (3) they are nearly always made up of crystals.

Sedimentary rocks are composed largely of minute fragments derived from the disintegration of existing rocks and in some instances from the remains of animal As sediments are transported.Individual fragments are assorted according to size.Distinct layers of such sediments as gravels,sand,and clay build up as they are deposited by water and occasionally wind.These sediments vary in size with the material and the power of the eroding agent.Sedimentary materials are laid down in layers called strata.

When sediments harden into sedimentary rocks,the names applied to them change to indicate the change in physical state.Thus,small stones and gravel cemented together are known as conglomerates;cemented sand becomes sandstone;and hardened clay becomes shale.In addition to these,Other sedimentary rocks such as limestone frequently result from the deposition of dissolved material.The ingredient parts are normally precipitated by organic substance such as shells of clams or hard skeletons of other marine life.

Both igneous and sedimentary rocks may be changed by pressure,heat,solution,or cementing action.When individual grains from existing rocks tend to deform and interlock they are called metamorphic rocks.For example granite,an igneous rock,may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a schist.Limestone,a sedimentary rock,when subjected to heat and pressure may become marble,a metamorphic rock.Shale under pressure becomes slate.

vi.Which of the following methods is NOT used by the author?

Q-2.The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time.Development was retarded,however,until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleocene.This led in Eocene time to increase in average size,larger mental capacity,and special adaptations for different modes of life.In the Oligocene Epoch,there was further improvement,with appearance of some new lines and extinction of others.Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of several groups and continued approach toward modern characters.The peak of the career of mamals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.

The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that of the reptiles in Mesozoic time,and except for greater intelligence,the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms.The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur,but the dolphin horse and the antelope must excel any of the dinosaurs.The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal,but the lion or tiger is probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain.The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually fitted themselves for all sorts of life,grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse,deer,bison).living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus,beaver),dwelling in trees (sloth,monkey) digging underground (mole,rodent),feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and on the plain (wolf),swimming in the sea (dolphin,whale,seal) and flying in the air (bat).Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.

This adaptation produces gradual changes of from and structure.It is biologically characteristic of the youthful,plastic stage of a group.Early in its career,an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change,which,as the unit becomes old and fixed disappears.The generalised types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required,and it is from them that new,fecund stocks take origin - certianly not from any specialised end-products.So,in the mammals we witness the birth plastic spread in many directions,increasing specialisation,and in some branches,the extinction which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.

iv.According to the passage,the greatest number of forms of mammalian life is found in the.

Q-5.Rocks which have solidified directly from molten materials are called igneous rocks.Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics.Igneous rocks compose the greater part of the earth's crust,but they are generally covered at the surface by a relatively thin layer of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks.Igneous rocks are distinguished by the following characteristics:(1) they contain no fossils:(2) they have no regular arrangement of layers;and (3) they are nearly always made up of crystals.

Sedimentary rocks are composed largely of minute fragments derived from the disintegration of existing rocks and in some instances from the remains of animal As sediments are transported.Individual fragments are assorted according to size.Distinct layers of such sediments as gravels,sand,and clay build up as they are deposited by water and occasionally wind.These sediments vary in size with the material and the power of the eroding agent.Sedimentary materials are laid down in layers called strata.

When sediments harden into sedimentary rocks,the names applied to them change to indicate the change in physical state.Thus,small stones and gravel cemented together are known as conglomerates;cemented sand becomes sandstone;and hardened clay becomes shale.In addition to these,Other sedimentary rocks such as limestone frequently result from the deposition of dissolved material.The ingredient parts are normally precipitated by organic substance such as shells of clams or hard skeletons of other marine life.

Both igneous and sedimentary rocks may be changed by pressure,heat,solution,or cementing action.When individual grains from existing rocks tend to deform and interlock they are called metamorphic rocks.For example granite,an igneous rock,may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a schist.Limestone,a sedimentary rock,when subjected to heat and pressure may become marble,a metamorphic rock.Shale under pressure becomes slate.

i.The primary purpose of the passage is to

Q-1,One phase of the business cycle is the expansion phase,This phase is a twofold one,including recovery and prosperity,During the recovery period there is ever-growing expansion of existing facilities,and new facilities for production are created.more businesses are created and older ones expanded.Improvements of various kinds are made.There is an ever-increasing optimism about the future of economic growth.Much capital is invested in machinery or "heavy" industry.More labour is employed.More raw materials are required.As one part of the economy develops.other parts are affected.For example a great expansion in automobiles results in an expansion of the steel,glass and rubber industries.Roads are required;thus the cement and machinery industries are stimulated.Demand for labour and materials results in greater prosperity for workers and suppliers of raw  materials,including farmers.this increases purchasing power and the volume of goods bought and sold.Thus prosperity is diffused among the various segments of the population.This prosperity period may continue to rise and rise without an apparent end.However,a time comes when this phase reaches a peak and stops spiralling upwards.This is the end of the expansion phase.

iii. Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately following the passage?

Q-2.The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time.Development was retarded,however,until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleocene.This led in Eocene time to increase in average size,larger mental capacity,and special adaptations for different modes of life.In the Oligocene Epoch,there was further improvement,with appearance of some new lines and extinction of others.Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of several groups and continued approach toward modern characters.The peak of the career of mamals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.

The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that of the reptiles in Mesozoic time,and except for greater intelligence,the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms.The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur,but the dolphin horse and the antelope must excel any of the dinosaurs.The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal,but the lion or tiger is probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain.The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually fitted themselves for all sorts of life,grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse,deer,bison).living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus,beaver),dwelling in trees (sloth,monkey) digging underground (mole,rodent),feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and on the plain (wolf),swimming in the sea (dolphin,whale,seal) and flying in the air (bat).Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.

This adaptation produces gradual changes of from and structure.It is biologically characteristic of the youthful,plastic stage of a group.Early in its career,an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change,which,as the unit becomes old and fixed disappears.The generalised types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required,and it is from them that new,fecund stocks take origin - certianly not from any specialised end-products.So,in the mammals we witness the birth plastic spread in many directions,increasing specialisation,and in some branches,the extinction which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.

i. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?

Q-4. Both plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form,structure,growth habits,and even mode of reproduction in becoming adapted to different climatic environment,types of food supply,or mode of living.This divergence in response to evolution is commonly expressed by altering the form and function of some part or parts of the organism,the original identity of which is clearly discernible.For example,the creeping foot of the snail is seen in related marine pteropods to be modified into a flapping organ useful for swimming,and is changed into prehensile arms that bear suctorial disks in the squids and other cephalopods.The limbs of various mammals are modified according to several different modes of life-----for swift running (cursorial) as in the horse and antelope,for swinging in trees (arboreal) as in the monkeys,for digging (fossorial) as in the moles and gophers,for flying (volant) as in the bats,for swimming (aquatic) as in the sales,whales,and dolphins, and for other adaptations,the structures or organs that show main change in connection with this adaptive divergence are commonly identified readily as homologous,in spite of great alterations.Thus,the finger and wrist bones of a bat and whale,for instance,have virtually nothing in common except that they are definitely equivalent elements of the mammalian limb.

iii.Which of the following words could best be substituted for "homologous" in passage without substantially changing the author's meaning?

Q-4. Both plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form,structure,growth habits,and even mode of reproduction in becoming adapted to different climatic environment,types of food supply,or mode of living.This divergence in response to evolution is commonly expressed by altering the form and function of some part or parts of the organism,the original identity of which is clearly discernible.For example,the creeping foot of the snail is seen in related marine pteropods to be modified into a flapping organ useful for swimming,and is changed into prehensile arms that bear suctorial disks in the squids and other cephalopods.The limbs of various mammals are modified according to several different modes of life-----for swift running (cursorial) as in the horse and antelope,for swinging in trees (arboreal) as in the monkeys,for digging (fossorial) as in the moles and gophers,for flying (volant) as in the bats,for swimming (aquatic) as in the sales,whales,and dolphins, and for other adaptations,the structures or organs that show main change in connection with this adaptive divergence are commonly identified readily as homologous,in spite of great alterations.Thus,the finger and wrist bones of a bat and whale,for instance,have virtually nothing in common except that they are definitely equivalent elements of the mammalian limb.

i.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage,based on its content?

Q-4. Both plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form,structure,growth habits,and even mode of reproduction in becoming adapted to different climatic environment,types of food supply,or mode of living.This divergence in response to evolution is commonly expressed by altering the form and function of some part or parts of the organism,the original identity of which is clearly discernible.For example,the creeping foot of the snail is seen in related marine pteropods to be modified into a flapping organ useful for swimming,and is changed into prehensile arms that bear suctorial disks in the squids and other cephalopods.The limbs of various mammals are modified according to several different modes of life-----for swift running (cursorial) as in the horse and antelope,for swinging in trees (arboreal) as in the monkeys,for digging (fossorial) as in the moles and gophers,for flying (volant) as in the bats,for swimming (aquatic) as in the sales,whales,and dolphins, and for other adaptations,the structures or organs that show main change in connection with this adaptive divergence are commonly identified readily as homologous,in spite of great alterations.Thus,the finger and wrist bones of a bat and whale,for instance,have virtually nothing in common except that they are definitely equivalent elements of the mammalian limb.

iv.The author's style can best be described as

i. Which of the following statements is the best example of the optimism mentioned in line 4 of the passage as being part of the expansion phase?

v.The author's tone in the passage can best be described as?

Q-6.Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life.The great ocean basins hold about 300 million cubic miles of water.From this vast amount,about 80,000 cubic miles of water are sucked into the atmosphere each year by evaporation and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean.More than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents.This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and streams,springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent.Thus the hydrosphere permits organic existence.

The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid.One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9 per cent,whereas most liquids contract on cooling.for this reason,ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom.If the ice sank,the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season,Thus,all aquatic life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm cold currents,which moderates climate,would be notably absent.

Another outstanding characteristic of water is that water has a heat capacity which is the highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia.This characteristic enables the oceans to absorb and store vast quantities of heat,thereby often preventing climatic extremes in addition water dissolve more substances than any other liquid.It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the continents.In several areas of the world these minerals are being commercially exploited.Solar evaporation of salt is widely practised,potash is extracted from the Dead Sea,and magnesium is produced from sea water along the American Gulf Coast.

i.The author's main purpose in this passage is to

Q-2.The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time.Development was retarded,however,until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleocene.This led in Eocene time to increase in average size,larger mental capacity,and special adaptations for different modes of life.In the Oligocene Epoch,there was further improvement,with appearance of some new lines and extinction of others.Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of several groups and continued approach toward modern characters.The peak of the career of mamals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.

The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that of the reptiles in Mesozoic time,and except for greater intelligence,the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms.The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur,but the dolphin horse and the antelope must excel any of the dinosaurs.The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal,but the lion or tiger is probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain.The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually fitted themselves for all sorts of life,grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse,deer,bison).living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus,beaver),dwelling in trees (sloth,monkey) digging underground (mole,rodent),feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and on the plain (wolf),swimming in the sea (dolphin,whale,seal) and flying in the air (bat).Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.

This adaptation produces gradual changes of from and structure.It is biologically characteristic of the youthful,plastic stage of a group.Early in its career,an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change,which,as the unit becomes old and fixed disappears.The generalised types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required,and it is from them that new,fecund stocks take origin - certianly not from any specialised end-products.So,in the mammals we witness the birth plastic spread in many directions,increasing specialisation,and in some branches,the extinction which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.

ii.It can be inferred from the passage that the chronological order of the geologic periods is.

Q-5.Rocks which have solidified directly from molten materials are called igneous rocks.Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics.Igneous rocks compose the greater part of the earth's crust,but they are generally covered at the surface by a relatively thin layer of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks.Igneous rocks are distinguished by the following characteristics:(1) they contain no fossils:(2) they have no regular arrangement of layers;and (3) they are nearly always made up of crystals.

Sedimentary rocks are composed largely of minute fragments derived from the disintegration of existing rocks and in some instances from the remains of animal As sediments are transported.Individual fragments are assorted according to size.Distinct layers of such sediments as gravels,sand,and clay build up as they are deposited by water and occasionally wind.These sediments vary in size with the material and the power of the eroding agent.Sedimentary materials are laid down in layers called strata.

When sediments harden into sedimentary rocks,the names applied to them change to indicate the change in physical state.Thus,small stones and gravel cemented together are known as conglomerates;cemented sand becomes sandstone;and hardened clay becomes shale.In addition to these,Other sedimentary rocks such as limestone frequently result from the deposition of dissolved material.The ingredient parts are normally precipitated by organic substance such as shells of clams or hard skeletons of other marine life.

Both igneous and sedimentary rocks may be changed by pressure,heat,solution,or cementing action.When individual grains from existing rocks tend to deform and interlock they are called metamorphic rocks.For example granite,an igneous rock,may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a schist.Limestone,a sedimentary rock,when subjected to heat and pressure may become marble,a metamorphic rock.Shale under pressure becomes slate.

iv.The relationship between igneous and sedimentary rocks may best be compared to the relationship between.